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Human brain organogenesis: toward a cellular understanding of development and disease. The neuroanatomy of autism spectrum disorder: an overview of structural neuroimaging findings and their translatability to the clinical setting. The retina as a window to the brain-from eye research to CNS disorders. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder phenomenology in genetic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Richards C, Jones C, Groves L, Moss J, Oliver C. Prevalence and risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Strasser L, Downes M, Kung J, Cross JH, De Haan M. 2012 3:118.Īl-Haddad BJS, Oler E, Armistead B, Elsayed NA, Weinberger DR, Bernier R, et al. Environmental risk factors for autism: an evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Modabbernia A, Velthorst E, Reichenberg A. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies in the developed world and their effect on the eye and vision. Whatham A, Bartlett H, Eperjesi F, Blumenthal C, Allen J, Suttle C, et al. The effects of preterm birth on visual development. Leung MP, Thompson B, Black J, Dai S, Alsweiler JM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of Autism Spectrum Disorder in visually or hearing impaired children. 2017 51:349–58.ĭo B, Lynch P, Macris EM, Smyth B, Stavrinakis S, Quinn S, et al. Visual impairment and traits of autism in children. Wrzesinska M, Kapias J, Nowakowska-Domagala K, Kocur J. Autism and visual impairment: a review of the literature. 2021 12:633037.īutchart M, Long JJ, Brown M, McMillan A, Bain J, Karatzias T. Visual sensory experiences from the viewpoint of autistic adults. Parmar KR, Porter CS, Dickinson CM, Pelham J, Baimbridge P, Gowen E. Sensory Experiences Questionnaire: discriminating sensory features in young children with autism, developmental delays, and typical development. Describing the sensory abnormalities of children and adults with autism. Leekam SR, Nieto C, Libby SJ, Wing L, Gould J. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association 2013. 2022 27:4172–80.ĭiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of autism spectrum disorder from 1990 to 2019 across 204 countries. Solmi M, Song M, Yon DK, Lee SW, Fombonne E, Kim MS, et al. Further research should clarify the causal relationship, if any, between ASD and problems of vision during early life. DiscussionĪSD is associated with some self-reported and objectively measured functional vision problems, and structural alterations of the eye, even though we observed several methodological limitations in the individual studies included in our meta-analyses. We also found evidence of increased accommodation deficits (Hedge’s g = 0.68 ) (non-significant heterogeneity: Q = 6.9331, p = 0.0741), reduced peripheral vision (−0.82 ) (non-significant heterogeneity: Q = 4.8075, p = 0.4398), reduced stereoacuity (0.73 ) (non-significant heterogeneity: Q = 0.8974, p = 0.3435), increased color discrimination difficulties (0.69 ) (non-significant heterogeneity: Q = 9.9928, p = 0.1890), reduced contrast sensitivity (0.45 ) (non-significant heterogeneity: Q = 9.9928, p = 0.1890) and increased retinal thickness (=0.29 ) (non-significant heterogeneity: Q = 0.8113, p = 0.9918) in ASD. We found meta-analytic evidence of increased prevalence of strabismus (OR = 4.72 ) in people with versus those without ASD (non-significant heterogeneity: Q = 1.0545, p = 0.7881). We included 49 studies in the narrative synthesis and 46 studies in the meta-analyses (15,629,159 individuals distributed across multiple different measures). Random-effects meta-analyses were used for data synthesis. Study quality was assessed with the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS). We included observational studies 1) reporting at least one measure of vision in people of any age with a diagnosis of ASD based on DSM or ICD criteria, or ADOS or 2) reporting the prevalence of ASD in people with and without vision disorders. Methodīased on a pre-registered protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42022328485), we searched PubMed, Web of Knowledge/Science, Ovid Medline, Embase and APA PsycINFO up to 5 th February 2022, with no language/type of document restrictions. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing whether vision and/or eye disorders are associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
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